Available Evidence Packages

Caroline County residents are fighting on THREE legal fronts against a $200M water intake facility on the Rappahannock River: 1. RAPPAHANNOCK TRIBE (Jan 2026): Appealing DEQ water withdrawal permit. Attorney: Chesapeake Legal Alliance (David Reed, Brett Grosko) + Sam Alexander (retired DOJ). All 4 claims proceeding after June 11, 2026 court victory. Legal basis: 1677 Treaty of Middle Plantation. 2. MATTAPONI TRIBE (July 2026): Appealing VMRC approval (greenlit June 23). Chief Mark T. Fallingstar Custalow. Focus: interbasin transfer of used water into Mattaponi River - the tribe's home waters. 3. GARRETT FAMILY EMINENT DOMAIN (Aug 2024): Attorney Joshua Baker (Waldo & Lyle, Norfolk). Argues the project violates Virginia Constitution Article I Section 11 - taking for private gain (data center economic development), not public use. County Administrator Culley admitted: "20 or 30 years if we don't do data centers." Key evidence: Original permit was 13.9 MGD with "industrial cooling" (data centers). Removed Nov 2024, lowered to 9 MGD "residential." CleanArc tax revenue = 17% of county general fund. County offered $78,400 for 11 acres of riverfront farmland with conservation easement.

Google LLC (as Woodland Caribou LLC) is building a 628-acre, 1,200 MW data center near Monrovia, Indiana. All 3 county commissioners signed NDAs and approved 3-0 despite 200+ residents opposing. The RDC unanimously approved a TIF district June 3, 2026 diverting school and county tax revenue for decades to fund Google's truck route. Active lawsuit: Terri Moore v. Morgan County Commissioners (filed March 2025). IDEM permit on file for wetland and stream impacts (App. No. 20240972). AES Indiana building a 1,200 MW substation. WARNING — SALINE PLAYBOOK: In Michigan, Related Digital sued Saline Township after a 4-1 community vote against a data center, using exclusionary zoning doctrine. Township settled under financial pressure and construction began anyway. Morgan County commissioners pre-approved under NDA, skipping the vote entirely — the legal challenge here must come through the Terri Moore lawsuit and IDEM permit challenges, NOT a board vote. Indiana has no POWER Act equivalent yet. If you live in Morgan County and have experienced water issues, power bill increases, construction impacts, or noise — your evidence belongs here.

McLean County, Illinois is home to the Mahomet Aquifer — one of the most critical freshwater sources in the Midwest, serving up to 1 million people. CyrusOne (owned by KKR/BlackRock) operates large data centers here.

Stafford County's 16-project data center buildout, documented end to end: a $6,779.97 FOIA fee wall against the citizen researching it; Future Roots LLC (Supervisor Yeung's personal LLC with STACK's lawyer Payne as registered agent, formed 10 weeks before her YES vote); a $16.2M impact-fee emergency suspension with no stated emergency (void-ab-initio territory under Va. Code 15.2-1427(F) and Berry v. Fairfax BOS); unanimous eminent domain against Manassas Ice & Fuel Co. for the water main serving STACK; capital chains from Blue Owl (Menora $100M, VRS $225M) and DigitalBridge (Migdal/Harel $50M each) into STACK and Vantage VA41; the Virginia Youth Futures PAC donor network (Petersons, Payne, Accokeek developers, Silver-managed entities); and the recruitment architecture (EDA paying Hirschler from its ledgers, FRA chaired by Payne with Yeung on the board). Master dossier V4 attached.

Two competing DC projects in Hanover: (1) Iron Horse (WestDulles Properties, 230ac split Ashland/Hanover, 3.3M sq ft, attorney Andrew Condlin — SAME attorney as Tract in Goochland) — Ashland approved, Hanover portion deferred/pending Aug 20 2026 hearing. (2) Mountain Road Technology Park (Tract Capital, 430ac, 900MW, attorney Jeff Geiger/Hirschler) — REJECTED 4-3 by BOS May 28 2026 despite $21M in proffers and 8-1 Planning Commission recommendation. Geiger is direct partner colleague of Charlie Payne at Hirschler.

PNK Group (NYC developer) proposing 4 AI data center buildings + substation at Great Stream Commons, Allenwood, Gregg Township. PPL building 9-mile 230kV transmission line for single unnamed customer (NDA-protected). 5 route options threaten Sugarloaf/White Deer Valley farmland. PA PUC filing expected winter 2027. State Rep David Rowe opposes. Sen Gene Yaw concerned about ratepayer costs. Stacy Garrity campaigning on statewide moratorium vs Shapiro GRID plan.

Tyrone Township (Livingston County, MI) NDA controversy went viral July 2026 after edited video of June 16 board meeting. FOIA confirmed NO NDAs signed by any officials. No formal data center application submitted. 6-month moratorium adopted Dec 2025, extended May 2026 through Nov 2026. Board members received death/rape threats after viral video. Township posted Correcting the Record page. Part of broader Livingston County pushback (Howell, Conway, Fenton Townships). Michael Ewles leading citizen education effort.

Orange County targeted for data centers: Wilderness Crossing (2,600ac, 700+ for AWS campus), Kirks Road site (112-870ac). Town of Orange removed by-right zoning, now requires SUPs. County created Technology Zoning District. Valley Link 765kV transmission proposed through Orange. Mayor Cluff pragmatic. PEC opposing Wilderness Crossing.

Vermillion Rise Mega Park (7,100 acres, NeCDRA-owned former Army depot) targeted for hyperscale data center under NDA code name Project Heartland. Terra Hosting LLC already operating on-site. 9-month moratorium was in place. Ordinance vote delayed Aug 4, 2026 due to audio failure. 800+ petition signatures opposing. Duke Energy + Wabash Valley Power Association. Water concerns: Wabash River basin drawdown. Commissioners: RJ Dunavan (President, pro-DC), Misty Hess (VP), Bill Peebles.

Monroe Township (Gloucester County, NJ) banned AI data centers on 170 acres of farmland after residents packed public meetings opposing a 522K sq ft warehouse + 1M sq ft data center proposed by Hexa Builders LLC (Princeton). Planning board voted unanimously NO in January 2026. Hexa then sued for $300M in federal court claiming data centers are a medium of expression protected by the First Amendment. Mayor Greg Wolfe: We will do everything in our power to stop all data centers. CoreWeave mentioned as connected. This is the FIRST known case nationally where a developer uses a First Amendment free speech argument to challenge a data center ban — precedent-setting for every town in America.

City of Mason (Ingham County, near Lansing) — NOT to be confused with Mason County MI (Ludington/Dirk Schipper coverage). Mason City Council voted to repeal a data center ordinance after public outcry, following a citizen petition. 180-day moratorium was in place. Rally organizer Paula Caltrider says city is moving too fast. WKAR reported astroturfing claims amid tensions -- audience members interrupting council with shouting. NYT covered nationally (May 2026, "The Most Bipartisan Issue Since Beer"). Council later scheduled a vote on a hyperscale data center proposal; Caltrider pushed for a referendum.

108 MW hyperscale data center approved for 1751 Bells Ferry Road, Marietta (Cobb County). Hundreds packed Marietta City Hall in opposition. Organized by A Better Cobb. City confirmed misinformation circulating about a town hall but a real public comment fight is ongoing over a data center text amendment (since Sept 2025). Concerns: water flow/quality, electricity usage, 31-acre site.

79.3-acre data center approved by Lavon City Council. Residents allege officials knew before public. Noise, water (1-5M gallons/day), property value concerns. Change.org petition active. EDC Director Pam Mundo (972-843-4220). PC concern about noise complaints going unaddressed.

A Case AI inquiry asks why a person reportedly remained at Carrizales-Rucker Detention Center in Olmito for almost six months before an expected transfer to a Texas Department of Criminal Justice facility. The individual timeline and eligibility are not yet verified. Public starting sources include the Cameron County Sheriff inmate-list/contact pages, TDCJ Offender Search, and ValleyCentral reporting on a county-jail overcrowding compliance problem. The area is open for private record collection and verification; no public finding is made about an individual case.

PNK Group has proposed up to 4 data centers at Great Stream Commons industrial park in Gregg Township near Allenwood, Union County, PA. PPL Electric Utilities has proposed a new high-voltage transmission line that reporting describes as intended for this single customer, with multiple routes under consideration. Residents and farmers say the preferred route could cut through farmland on the Union-Lycoming County line, affecting farmers including Terry Snoddy and Todd Hiller. PA State Treasurer and gubernatorial candidate Stacey Garrity has publicly opposed the project and transmission line routing. Sources: PennLive (April 2026), WPSU (July 2026), Facebook (GarrityForPA public post).

Goochland County adopted a Technology Overlay District (Nov 2025) opening ~4,400 acres to data centers. Developer Tract (VALCO Goochland LLC) filed a CUP for a 900MW, 871-acre campus. 4 residents sued the county in Dec 2025; judge rejected county's 8,500-page document dump. Campaign finance records show Tract's law firm donated to a sitting supervisor 2 months before the first county NDA.

Culpeper County VA — 13M+ sq ft data centers across ~1,000 acres. Erebus IT scandal: Delta Erebus LLC formed 35 days after 16K contract. BOS Chairman Underwood (COO Bonafide.AI) voted YES on Red Ace while wife Sally sold property on campus. 29yo clerk McCrum hired at 50K during freeze. Forensic audit awarded to CLA 50K. Valley Link 765kV opposed 7-0. 21 MapPins, Hub v5 (18 pages).

Doswell/Hanover County VA data center corridor along I-95. 5 major projects: (1) Tract Hickory Hill 1,200ac 2.4GW APPROVED (Hirschler/Jeff Geiger), (2) Tract Mountain Road 430ac REJECTED 4-3 May 2026 (Hirschler/Geiger), (3) LS Power Doswell 205ac 300MW WITHDRAWN June 2026 after tax reinstated, (4) Iron Horse 230ac DEFERRED, (5) HHHunt 410ac. Hirschler Law is the legal hub: Jeff Geiger represents Tract, Charlie Payne represents Amazon/CleanArc in adjacent Caroline County. Stop Hanover Data Centers grassroots group succeeded in getting computer equipment tax reinstated ($3.57/$100), which killed LS Power. Hanover BOS denied Mountain Road 4-3 despite PC recommending 6-1.

Martin County FL: Two major data center battles. (1) Silver Fox — 606 acres, Indiantown, withdrawn but land still owned by developer zoned heavy industrial. (2) Tesoro Groves — FPL 5,722 acres, approved 5-0, explicitly permits data centers, resident lawsuit dismissed July 2, 2026. City of Stuart acting city manager fired after refusing "illegal, immoral, unethical" orders. Commissioner Campbell Rich investigated but motion failed. Data center risk score 89/100 — second highest in Florida. C-PAC Martin County tracking.

986.9-acre Haven Oak Technology Park data center proposed directly on White Oak Road Battlefield. Confederate earthworks on site. American Battlefield Trust land across the road. Five Forks NHL 4-5 miles west. Developer: Tract (VALCO). Legal: Hirschler Law (Geiger + Payne). No hearings scheduled yet. Community opposition growing.

Microsoft data center campus. Cheyenne LEADS EDC board and Laramie County Commissioners signed ongoing NDA renewals 2020-2025. Same EDC pipeline pattern as national network.

Amazon AWS $10B data center campus. Marshall County Board of Supervisors and Industrial Development Authority signed NDAs 2023-2024. Mississippi Development Authority facilitated.

PW Digital Gateway project. Christina Winn (Exec Dir Economic Development) signed NDAs with QTS and Compass Datacenters Feb 2022. Hyperscale tenants hidden during zoning approval.

Amazon AWS used shell company Razor5 LLC for $11-13B data center campus near New Carlisle. County commissioners and redevelopment commission signed NDAs Nov 2023-Apr 2024. Bill Shalliol (Econ Dev Dir) facilitated.

All 3 county commissioners signed NDAs with Google shell company Tilted Gate LLC for $1B 500K sqft data center. Vorys attorney Scott Ziance signed as Authorized Representative. Commissioner Powell testified signing shattered trust with constituents. Ohio EPA permits later confirmed Google.

Brown County OH — Meta/DB Stu LLC $1B+ data center at Mt. Orab Mega Site. Same NDA template as Piqua. HB 695 introduced.

Warren County VA — Rushmark Properties data center proposal. PC recommended DENIAL July 8, 2026. Hundreds of residents opposed.

Franklin County VA — Crusoe AI "Project Flash" 100MW data center. 71-page legal complaint filed. Special prosecutor appointed.

Piqua residents are fighting a 40-year electric utility franchise renewal that would benefit a large data center development. Community members are testifying at commission meetings, explaining the math on water use, power consumption, and long-term costs. Residents demanding real answers, not spin. The franchise benefits outside interests, not local residents.

Warren County VA — Rushmark Properties data center proposal. PC recommended DENIAL July 8, 2026.

Buckingham County facing early-stage by-right data center proposals along the James River corridor. Community members raised concerns at a Planning Commission meeting. Early warning stage — no confirmed approvals yet. James River water access and industrial zoning are the primary pressure points.

Project Klondike — 40-year AES Ohio franchise for Meta-linked data center (J5 LLC/Shaytura LLC) in Piqua, OH. $75M water/wastewater escrow UNSIGNED by developer. City commission tabled own July 7 minutes due to inaccurate generator disclosures. Residents cited Ohio Constitution Article XVIII Section 4 — municipal right to own utility. New Albany Company owns the land. 2 MGD water demand from Great Miami River.

MARA bitcoin mining operation drawing heavily from local aquifer. Residents report power bills tripled since 2023, affecting 200+ households. Water pressure declining. Granbury-area community investigation.

Lavon, TX (Collin County) facing hyperscale data center in rural residential area with no zoning protections. Community organizing underway. Local election November 2026.

Shenandoah Valley facing data center development pressure. Warren County Planning Commission voted NOT to recommend zoning change for data centers. Community groups organizing. Land banking pattern — speculative purchases of rural farmland in advance of data center proposals.

Resident arrested for clapping during public comments at a data center zoning meeting in Emporia, VA. Video circulated nationally. Part of a documented national pattern of arrests at data center public meetings.

Project Mustang — 300-acre proposed data center in Claremore, OK. Farmer Darren Blanchard arrested February 2026 for speaking ~30 seconds over time limit at public meeting. Bodycam footage published by 404 Media. Charged with criminal trespass. Case reduced from $1,750 to $120.

Meta Hyperion — largest data center on Earth. 5GW capacity, $50B investment, 5 miles long by 1 mile wide. Equivalent to 5 nuclear reactors. Uses 2.3x the electricity of New Orleans. Entergy Louisiana providing power infrastructure. Announced July 2026 expansion from 2GW to 5GW.

Hood County TX — 8 data center projects, 7,600+ acres, 3.5+ GW. MARA 300MW cryptomine active. Sailfish 2,600-acre campus proposed. Noise pollution crisis.

Residents report water pressure drops and 40% bill increases since data center construction began in the Round Rock area. Multiple submissions describe similar patterns.

Fluvanna County, VA — new investigation area where three infrastructure projects converge at Bremo Bluff. (1) 843-acre data center site marketed by SugarOak Realty with AVAIO Digital Partners as the likely developer, with direct access to dual 230 kV & single 115 kV transmission lines at the retired Bremo Power Station; land zoned A-1 Agricultural, BOS unanimously approved a Dec 2025 ZTA stripping by-right data center status. (2) Tenaska $2.2B Expedition Generating Station — a 1,540 MW gas plant approved 4-1 by the Board of Supervisors at midnight on March 19, 2026, overriding the Planning Commission's unanimous denial; a Harvard health study projects 2-3 premature deaths/year, 6 new asthma cases, and $50M/year public health harms exceeding the $247M tax benefit. (3) Valley Link 765 kV transmission line (FERC ER25-1633, SCC PUR-2026-00018) routed Joshua Falls to Yeat through Fluvanna. Supervisor conflicts: Mike Goad (Fork Union) has an unspecified relationship with SugarOak Realty — advertiser of the 843-acre Bremo site in his district — and voted YES on Tenaska; Tony O'Brien (Rivanna/Chair) disclosed owning property eligible for Tenaska's $5M Good Neighbor Fund yet voted YES on all three motions; only Chris Fairchild (Cunningham) voted NO, citing health impacts. Connects to the Caroline County investigation via SugarOak broker Andy Walsh, who also represents AVAIO on the Caroline Ladysmith data center.

Frederick to Caroline: REC/Hyperscale network. Route 277 corridor: 3 properties (substation, Madison 277, Gibson 519 acres). Caroline corridor: 4,794+ acres (9 projects). Total 5,300+ acres. One utility (REC), one attorney (Payne, Hirschler), four illegal subsidiaries (SCC Nov 2025). Bittner career: Middletown -> Orange County (Wilderness Crossing, Amazon NDA) -> Frederick County.

The Valley Link transmission line route runs through Virginia Gold-Pyrite Belt - 301 documented gold/silver mines across 7+ counties. Landowners who obtain mineral assays BEFORE eminent domain can require separate compensation for the mineral estate.

OpenAI's $20B Project Camellia data center campus proposed in Effingham County, Georgia — directly behind elementary schools. Massive water and power demands on rural county infrastructure. Community opposition organizing.

DC BLOX's 40MW AI data center at 648 Grassmere Park — adjacent to the Nashville Zoo. 288K+ petition signatures. First zoo in America to formally oppose a data center. Mill Creek is the sole global habitat of the federally endangered Nashville Crayfish. ESA Section 7 & 9 legal exposure.

Prologis/Atlas 600MW Project Sail data center in Coweta County, Georgia. Lawsuit pending. Community challenging approval. Water, power, and property value concerns.

New high-intent geography. Valara data center development in Spartanburg, SC.

VSB #41076, Hirschler partner, registered agent for Supervisor Childress companies, $63,700 in campaign contributions across 51 committees.

70+ attorneys across 3 offices (Fredericksburg, Richmond, Tysons). End-to-end data center legal machine. Dominion Energy client. 12+ county footprint.

Prince George County, VA — BOS Chair Bobby Cox is simultaneously a Dominion Energy Safety Consultant. Justin Goodman (Congressional candidate VA-01, 15201 Junior Cooper Drive) delivered January 2026 BOS testimony alleging concealed Dominion NDA, suppression of public comment, concealed safety report, and transmission corridor data center targeting. Adjacent to Dinwiddie County Haven Oak Tech Park (TRACT). 154.9 mG EMF documented near high-voltage lines.

Dinwiddie County, VA — Haven Oak Technology Park (TRACT developer): 986.9 acres at White Oak/Claiborne Roads. County Administrator Kevin Massengill lives at 7501 Claiborne Rd (ON the data center traffic route). Salary raised to $198K during application review. Vice Chair of ARWA (water authority that supplies data centers). SCC utility contact. VGR board rep (Dominion exec on same board). Emerging Technologies District zoning pre-positioned Jan 2025. Delegate Kim Taylor received $123,500 from Dominion. Senator Aird = Clean Virginia ally ($0 Dominion). TRACT also behind Goochland (872ac/900MW) and Chesterfield (withdrew after PC denial). Hirschler Fleischer represents BOTH Amazon AND Tract. Civil War trench on site.

Town of Front Royal proposed ordinance to prohibit data centers in MCD, I-1, and I-2 districts. Public hearing July 29, 2026 at 7 PM, Town Hall. 5 new definitions, 4-threshold classification system, anti-evasion language. Strongest municipal prohibition ordinance in Virginia to date.

Fauquier County residents are confronting proposed high-voltage transmission lines (Dominion Energy) crossing rural and residential land. Concerns focus on electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, property values, and property rights — including eminent domain for corridor routing. This card tracks the transmission line fight, EMF health research, and community opposition.

77-acre Rushmark data center ZTA Z2026-05-01 pending BOS vote August 18, 2026. Planning Commission voted 5-0 to deny July 8. BOS member Hugh Henry has 3 confirmed conflict-of-interest violations and must recuse. Matt Tederick's 1839 Capital LLC invested in data centers while he voted to route the Route 522 waterline that now serves the corridor. Former EDA Director Jennifer McDonald convicted of $21M embezzlement (168 months). FY2024 audit delayed. Five key PDFs with verified citations available — see case_file_url.

Submit evidence about CleanArc, PDI, or other data center activity in Caroline County — water use, noise, infrastructure, tax impact, or property value effects. Your submission goes into the data center case file.

Caroline County, VA sits at the epicenter of Virginia's data center corridor. Eight confirmed data center projects are proposed or under construction — including CleanArc (900 MW, $3B, 650 acres, under construction as of November 2025), Amazon Mattameade (1,143 acres, $6B, stalled in lawsuit), and the unidentified Thornberry LLC (1,001 acres — developer identity still concealed from the public). The state's General Assembly killed the moratorium bill (HB1515) in 2026 and the $1.6B annual sales tax exemption remains intact. WATER CRISIS: Caroline County is under Level 3 drought restrictions (June 2026) — no automatic sprinklers, hand watering on alternating days only. Simultaneously, the county is applying for a 49.275 BILLION gallon annual Rappahannock River withdrawal permit (DEQ comment deadline: June 22, 2026). The Board of Supervisors secretly removed 'Industrial Cooling' from that same permit application in a November 14, 2024 closed session — no public hearing was held. One Bowling Green municipal well tested at 40 pCi/L gross alpha radioactivity — nearly 3× the federal legal limit of 15 pCi/L. Source: Fredericksburg Free Press, November 11, 2024. Amazon's Mattameade permit would destroy 691 linear feet of perennial stream (Army Corps NAO-2024-01108). Cory Garrett's 11-acre farm is being condemned via eminent domain for a data center water intake. ENERGY: REC increased its data center load forecast from 3.3 GW to 17 GW in ONE YEAR. REC formally told the SCC (Case PUR-2025-00048) that without a dedicated rate structure, data center infrastructure costs WILL shift to residential members. REC used $1.5M of member equity to create Hyperscale Energy Services LLC — SCC denied the structure (PUR-2025-00178, November 20, 2025) but HES continues to operate. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Charlie Payne (Hirschler Fleischer) is simultaneously REC's General Counsel AND the rezoning attorney for Amazon, Stack Infrastructure, and others before the same county bodies that regulate REC's territory. He appeared before Caroline County's Planning Commission in 2025 in all three roles simultaneously — confirmed in public PC minutes. Supervisor Clay Forehand publicly stated he spent 15 years doing electrical work in data centers while voting yes on every data center deal. Supervisor Jeff Black is employed by Spotsylvania County Public Schools — Spotsylvania receives 42.5% of Amazon Mattameade tax revenue under an agreement Black voted to approve. Supervisor Nancy Long sits on the Rappahannock River Basin Commission while voting on water permits for the same river. FOIA STONEWALLING: The CleanArc Performance Agreement (FOIA 26-62) was formally stonewalled. The NDA FOIA for all data center NDAs (FOIA 26-64) was closed without producing named documents. The PIRT zoning district (the legal mechanism enabling all by-right data center approvals) was adopted in a BOS meeting whose written minutes are MISSING from the public portal for the entire September–December 2023 period. Sources: SCC docket PUR-2025-00048, PUR-2025-00178; Army Corps permit NAO-2024-01108; Caroline County BOS minutes 11/14/2024; Fredericksburg Free Press 11/11/2024; co.caroline.va.us FOIA portal; Hirschler Fleischer public attorney biography.

Submit evidence about Aqua Virginia's service in Caroline County — high bills, brown water, service outages, SCC complaints. Your submission goes directly into the Aqua Virginia case file and can be reviewed by attorneys.

Submit PFAS test results, well contamination evidence, or Pere Marquette River water quality data for Mason County.

Submit evidence about CyrusOne or other data center activity in McLean County — permits, votes, water use, or corporate chain documents.

Submit Consumers Energy electric bills or rate hike documentation for Emmet and Charlevoix Counties.

Submit water quality tests, Great Lakes withdrawal concerns, or groundwater contamination evidence for Emmet and Charlevoix Counties.

Submit Ameren Illinois electric bills, rate hike documentation, or ICC complaint records for McLean County.

Submit evidence about Rocklocker, ReefWorks, or Meta data center activity in Mason County and the Pere Marquette watershed.

Submit water test results, PFAS contamination evidence, or water bills related to McLean County's Mahomet Aquifer situation.

Submit evidence about Big Rock Point data center development or related activity in Emmet and Charlevoix Counties.

Submit BC Hydro bills or annual rate increase documentation for Barriere and Thompson-Nicola Regional District.

Submit North Thompson River water quality data, watershed stress documentation, or clearcut/wildfire impact evidence for Barriere and Thompson-Nicola.

Submit NIPSCO electric bills or rate documentation for NW Indiana — especially if you've seen increases while data centers get locked-in industrial rates.

Submit Gelman dioxane test results, PFAS evidence, Huron River water quality data, or well contamination documentation.

Submit Consumers Energy bills or Ludington pumped storage rate impact documentation for Mason County.

Submit evidence about Bell Canada's AI supercluster activity in Kamloops, Merritt, or the Barriere corridor — permits, water use, or corporate documents.

Submit evidence about Amazon, Google, or NIPSCO data center activity in NW Indiana — permits, votes, or water use documentation.

Submit Lake Michigan water quality data, PFAS or TCE test results, or Great Lakes Compact withdrawal concerns for NW Indiana.

Submit evidence about Related Digital or other data center activity in Washtenaw and Livingston Counties.

Submit DTE Energy bills or rate increase documentation for Washtenaw and Livingston Counties.

Spotsylvania County, Berkeley District — Eagle Rock Partners LLC filed R25-0014 on September 25, 2025 to rezone 99.35 acres (Tax Map Parcels 51-A-29 & 51-A-30) from Rural (RU) to Industrial-2 (I-2) to build up to 900,000 sq ft of data center buildings on Pairmont Lane, southeast of Amazon's Summit Crossing Tech Center. CRITICAL: Engineering maps show existing wetlands and streams on the site, triggering Army Corps of Engineers Section 404 permits and Virginia DEQ water protection permits. Community meeting held June 4, 2026 at Dominion Raceway. Developer attorney: Hirschler Fleischer LLP (Charles W. Payne Jr.). Land seller: William Courtney Sheild. This is entirely separate from the 633-acre Crossroads Technology Campus (KETTLER/RCK Digital) and the Massaponax Tech Campus.

TeraWulf Inc. (NASDAQ: WULF) is proposing a 150–400 MW AI data center on the shoreline of Cayuga Lake at the former Cayuga Power Plant — the drinking water source for 100,000–200,000 residents via Bolton Point (PWSID NY5404423). CEO Paul Prager told residents publicly 'no water from Cayuga Lake' — while his landlord holds a DEC permit for 1.008 MILLION gallons/day from that same lake. TeraWulf told the ZBA it was a 'scientific research laboratory' to bypass zoning — rejected 4-1. A bare 3-2 majority classified it as a 'general processing facility.' Active lawsuit: CLEAN & FLX Strong v. Lansing ZBA — Tompkins County Supreme Court DENIED motion to dismiss. A 42-acre UNLINED coal ash landfill on the site has been leaching into groundwater for 30 years. NYSEG is simultaneously seeking a 24% electric rate increase — their own website names data centers as a driver. Google owns 14% of TeraWulf. CEO's private company (Beowulf E&D) collected $15.3M in management fees from the public company in FY2025.

DC BLOX is proposing a $1.695B, 40 MW+ data center at 648 Grassmere Park Road — directly adjacent to the Nashville Zoo. All 3 stormwater outfalls drain onto Zoo property. Mill Creek, the sole habitat of the federally endangered Nashville Crayfish (Faxonius shoupi), runs through the Zoo's animal exhibits. NES secretly reserved power capacity for data centers while 230,000 customers lost power in the Jan 2026 ice storm. BL2026-1391 moratorium bill filed by 23 Metro Council sponsors. 345,000+ petition signatures. Planning Commission hearing: July 7, 2026.

Spotsylvania County Supervisor Gerald Childress (Chancellor District, took office January 2024) owns and operates Childress Construction LLC (Virginia SCC Entity S8007777, formed January 23, 2019), which trades under the fictitious name 'Childress Solutions' (DBA registered July 20, 2022, SCC Filing 2207204760932). The company's own website markets structured cabling, data cabling, fiber optics, security systems, and network infrastructure — the exact services needed in data center construction. CONFLICT OF INTEREST — THE VOTES: • March 25, 2025: Childress voted AGAINST requiring Special Use Permits for data centers — the motion deadlocked 3-3 and failed, meaning developers won by-right approval. • October 30, 2025: Childress voted FOR reducing data center setbacks from 1,000 feet to 300 feet. His own words at the March 2025 meeting (Fredericksburg Free Press): 'It's not just working in the data center — it's construction of the data centers that they're training them how to do, and that's a great program for these kids.' Said while owning a data center cabling company. THE SEI SMOKING GUN: • 2025 SEI (filed January 14, 2025, covering calendar year 2024): Disclosed Childress Construction income >$250,000 and The Childress Agency income >$250,000. • 2026 SEI (filed January 13, 2026, covering calendar year 2025): Schedule A BLANK. Schedule B BLANK. Zero businesses disclosed. • Childress Construction LLC (S8007777) was ACTIVE every day of 2025 — confirmed by Virginia SCC CIS records pulled June 9, 2026. No dissolution filing. No ownership transfer. No amendment removing him as Managing Member ever filed. • Virginia Code §2.2-3114 requires disclosure of any business producing income over $10,000. His 2025 business earned >$250,000. His 2026 SEI discloses nothing. • Virginia Code §2.2-3120: Knowingly filing a false or incomplete SEI is a Class 1 misdemeanor. THE PAYNE CONNECTION: Charles W. Payne Jr. (Hirschler Fleischer, 725 Jackson St Ste 200, Fredericksburg) has served as Registered Agent for Childress Construction LLC since February 18, 2022 (SCC Filing 2202184216989) — with no end date. Payne is simultaneously REC's General Counsel and the rezoning attorney for data center developers in Spotsylvania, Caroline, and Orange counties. He is a registered lobbyist (VPAP confirmed). His firm (Hirschler Fleischer) represents KETTLER/RCK Digital in Spotsylvania's Crossroads Technology Campus SUP. Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.7: A lawyer shall not represent a client if representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest. Payne is the registered agent (attorney of record) for a business owned by a county supervisor — while that same supervisor votes on projects Payne's other clients are seeking approval for. Complaints already filed with: Spotsylvania Commonwealth's Attorney, Virginia Attorney General. SEI records request pending at Spotsylvania Circuit Court Clerk. Sources: Virginia SCC CIS Entity S8007777 (pulled June 9, 2026); Spotsylvania County SEI filings 2025 and 2026 (public record); Fredericksburg Free Press March 26, 2025 and October 30, 2025; Hirschler Fleischer public attorney biography (hirschlerlaw.com); VPAP lobbyist registry.

Spotsylvania County Supervisor Andrew 'Drew' Mullins (Lee Hill District, took office January 2024) operates at least three active businesses that must be disclosed on his annual Statement of Economic Interests (SEI) under Virginia Code §2.2-3114. Evidence indicates all three may have been omitted from one or more required filings, constituting up to 10 separate Class 1 misdemeanor violations. CONFIRMED ACTIVE ENTITIES (Virginia SCC): 1. Stone's Lawn & Tree Care, LLC (DBA 'Stone Lawn Care') SCC ID: 11167267 | Formed: January 25, 2021 Mullins = Organizer, Member/Manager, Owner Address: 214 Fairview Ave, Pearisburg, VA 24134 (Giles County) History: Cancelled April 2022 → Reinstated June 5, 2023 → DBA 'Stone Lawn Care' filed July 7, 2024 (while serving on BOS) → Cancelled April 2025 → Reinstated May 13, 2025 Status: ACTIVE as of June 2026 2. Two Feathers Violins, LLC (DBA 'Fredericksburg Violins') SCC ID: 11561604 | Filed: June 28, 2023 (6 months before taking office) Mullins = Organizer, Member/Manager, Managing Member Address: 509 Jackson St #1, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 (active operating location) DBA 'Fredericksburg Violins' filed May 29, 2025 (16 months into term) Campaign finance: LLC donated $1,000 to his own campaign (VPAP public record) Status: ACTIVE as of June 2026 3. Stadia Advertising Strategies LLC SCC ID: 11677363 | Filed: March 30, 2024 — THREE MONTHS AFTER TAKING OFFICE Mullins = Organizer, Member/Manager (Member-Managed) Address: 511 E A St, Purcellville, VA 20132 (Loudoun County — Data Center Alley) The registered address was a residential property that sold the day before the LLC was filed Consistent with Mullins's career as VP Ads & Data Ops at IMGE (Republican digital ad firm) Status: ACTIVE as of June 2026 VIOLATION COUNT: • Pre-office SEI (January 2024): Entities #1 and #2 active = 2 required disclosures • Annual SEI February 2024: #1 and #2 active = 2 required disclosures • Annual SEI February 2025: #1, #2, and #3 all active = 3 required disclosures • Annual SEI February 2026: #1, #2, and #3 all active = 3 required disclosures = UP TO 10 SEPARATE COIA VIOLATIONS if omitted from all filings = Each violation = Class 1 misdemeanor under Va. Code §2.2-3120 NOTE: Azimuth Analytics LLC (SCC ID S4061356), an earlier Mullins entity, has been confirmed INACTIVE since approximately 2013 and is NOT part of the current complaint. Complaints filed (June 11, 2026): Virginia Attorney General (oag@oag.state.va.us), Spotsylvania Commonwealth's Attorney, Virginia Ethics Council (coi@dls.virginia.gov). Physical SEI records request filed with Spotsylvania Circuit Court Clerk (cjett@vacourts.gov). Sources: Virginia SCC CIS records pulled June 2026; VPAP campaign finance database; Spotsylvania County SEI filings (public record, held at Circuit Court Clerk); Fredericksburg Free Press.

Culpeper County VA — 13M+ sq ft data centers across ~1,000 acres. Erebus IT scandal: Delta Erebus LLC formed 35 days after 16K contract. BOS Chairman Underwood (COO Bonafide.AI) voted YES on Red Ace while wife Sally sold property on campus. 29yo clerk McCrum hired at 50K during freeze. Forensic audit awarded to CLA 50K. Valley Link 765kV opposed 7-0. 21 MapPins, Hub v5 (18 pages).

Craig E. Buck, a Fredericksburg-area attorney and principal of The Buck Law Firm, PC (Virginia SCC Entity 02041051, formerly Buck Anderson & Somerville, Buck Anderson & Associates, Craig E. Buck & Associates), operates a multi-layered private real estate lending and foreclosure network in Caroline County that raises documented concerns under Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.7 (concurrent conflicts of interest) and Virginia Code §55.1-321 (trustee duties in deeds of trust). THE ENTITY WEB (all confirmed Virginia SCC): • The Buck Law Firm, PC (SCC 02041051) — ACTIVE. Primary legal practice. Address: 1109 Heatherstone Dr, Fredericksburg, VA 22407. • Alliance Title & Escrow, Inc. (SCC 04133765) — ACTIVE. Formerly 'Settlement Services Corporation.' Title insurance, closing, and escrow services. • Buying Virginia LLC (SCC 11578830) — ACTIVE. Formed August 9, 2023. Principal office: 1109 Heatherstone Dr (Craig Buck's own address). Registered Agent: The Buck Law Firm, PC. This LLC has appeared as a LENDER (grantee) on Caroline County Deed of Trust instruments — meaning Craig Buck's own LLC is lending money while Craig Buck personally acts as the foreclosure trustee on the same instrument. THE FOUR SIMULTANEOUS ROLES (on transactions where Buying Virginia LLC is the lender): 1. Lender — Buying Virginia LLC (Buck's own company) 2. Attorney — The Buck Law Firm, PC (Buck's law firm) 3. Trustee — Craig E. Buck TR (Buck personally holds foreclosure authority) 4. Title/Escrow Agent — Alliance Title & Escrow, Inc. (Buck's title company) Four concurrent financial interests in a single real estate transaction. All revenue streams flow to the same family. THE SCALE — 29 DOTs IN ONE FILE: A single Caroline County Circuit Court name-search file for Buck's trustee variants contains 29 Deeds of Trust (DOTs), 19 Certificates of Satisfaction (loans paid off), 1 Deed, and 1 Release. With 19 of 29 paid off, approximately 10 DOTs remain OPEN — meaning Craig Buck currently holds active foreclosure authority over approximately 10 or more Caroline County properties. This is from ONE name variant. Multiple additional name variants (BUCK CRAIG TR, BUCK CRAIG E TR, C E BUCK TR, CRAIG BUCK TRUSTEE) each carry their own separate clusters of instruments. Total exposure across all variants and all years is estimated at 100+ DOTs across the region. KNOWN LENDER ENTITIES (all appearing on Caroline County DOT instruments with Buck as trustee): • Buying Virginia LLC — Buck's own LLC as lender • Pine Meadow Resort, LLC — Craig Buck AND Teri Anderson Buck as personal direct lenders (grantees); instrument dated December 9, 2025; includes chattel lien covering furniture and fixtures valued at $4,999 (DTCL instrument type — secures both real and personal property) • Antioch Road LLC — private investment LLC, members not yet identified • Union Land Trust / Guy Prudhomme TR — anonymous trust structure, beneficial owner concealed • B&K Property Investors LLC — co-lender, members not yet identified • White Pine Land and Trust — co-lender, members not yet identified • Twenty Three Thirteen, LLC (SCC 11692494) — formed May 5, 2024; RA: Jason Manns, 117 Milford St, Bowling Green VA; Jason Manns is a Caroline County-area music producer, recording artist, and former Bowling Green mayoral candidate (lost November 2024, 249-331). Status pending inactive as of June 2026. TERI ANDERSON BUCK CONNECTION: Teri Anderson Buck (Teri A. Buck) appears as co-lender with Craig Buck on the Pine Meadow Resort DOT (December 9, 2025). 'Anderson' also appears in the firm's name history ('Buck, Anderson & Somerville'). Both have previously operated nonprofit entities out of 1109 Heatherstone Dr: The Joseph Project, Inc. (SCC 06166086, inactive) and The King's Roundtable, Inc. (SCC 07863517, inactive). Alliance Title & Escrow, Inc. (the title company) was formerly named 'Settlement Services Corporation.' OPEN QUESTIONS (not yet confirmed): • Who are the members of Antioch Road LLC, B&K Property Investors LLC, and White Pine Land and Trust? • Does any Caroline County official, developer, or data-center-connected person appear as a member of any of these lender LLCs? • Has Alliance Title & Escrow closed any data center land transactions in Caroline County? • Does Buying Virginia LLC hold or have held any real property in Caroline County? SOURCES: Virginia SCC CIS records (SCC 02041051, 04133765, 11578830, 11692494 — all pulled June 2026); Caroline County Circuit Court deed of trust index (carolinevacocc.org); Virginia Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.7; Virginia Code §55.1-321.

Rappahannock Electric Cooperative (REC) serves approximately 183,000 members across 22 Virginia counties including Caroline, Spotsylvania, and Culpeper. Between 2023 and 2025, REC's internal data center load forecast increased from 3.3 gigawatts to 17 gigawatts — a 5× increase in one year. REC formally told the Virginia SCC in Case PUR-2025-00048 that without a dedicated rate structure for data center customers, infrastructure costs WILL shift to residential members. HYPERSCALE ENERGY SERVICES LLC (HES): • October 16, 2024: REC's Board of Directors passed Resolution #2024-10-01, authorizing a loan of $1,500,000 in cooperative member funds to HES as seed capital. No member vote. No member notification. Source: REC Board of Directors Meeting Minutes, October 16, 2024 (myrec.coop/governance-document-center) • November 20, 2025: Virginia SCC Order Denying Approval in Case PUR-2025-00178 — rejected the HES affiliate structure as inconsistent with Virginia cooperative law and the Virginia Affiliates Act (Title 56, Chapter 4). • Despite the SCC's denial, HES continued operating. Per REC's 2025 audited financial statements (audited April 16, 2026, available at myrec.coop): - HES had $25.2 million in PJM collateral posted as of December 31, 2025 - HES owed $27.2 million to REC in intercompany payables - HES was operating at a $1.035 million net loss - HES generated zero revenue from energy services • Data center deposits held as cooperative liabilities: $105.6M in 2024 → $351.9M in 2025 — now representing 70% of total member equity ($496M). THE LP-DF RATE (Case PUR-2025-00048): The Large Power — Data Facility tariff was designed to create a dedicated rate class for data center customers. REC told the SCC this structure was necessary to prevent cost-shifting to residential members. The rate case was ongoing through mid-2026. Whether approved rate structures adequately protect 183,000 residential members remains an active regulatory question. THE RUTHER GLEN LAND PURCHASE — INSIDER KNOWLEDGE QUESTION: In September 2022 — more than a year before REC filed its first public demand-projection request for a Ruther Glen data center campus — Malik Yousif (MYS Energy, Manassas, petroleum background, no prior Caroline County real estate history) purchased 47 acres at Partnership Blvd, Ruther Glen. His LLC was named Partnership Blvd Properties after the street address. He sold the parcel to REC in March 2025 for an undisclosed price (likely 3-7x purchase price based on comparable land values). REC used this parcel as part of the 60.48-acre campus rezoned under RZ-04-2025, for an unnamed 30-year data center customer who signed an Energy Service Agreement in December 2025 and received its first HES bill in January 2026. The person who possessed knowledge of REC's Ruther Glen campus plans in 2022 was Charles W. Payne, Jr. — REC's General Counsel. This does not prove Payne disclosed the information to Yousif. It is the question a fiduciary duty investigation, regulatory complaint, or FOIA request should ask. The December 2025 special meeting at which the 30-year customer agreement was signed saw Payne replaced by his Hirschler colleague Brittany Falabella — suggesting a potential recusal. FOIA LEVER: Under Virginia Code §56-37, REC members may request access to REC's books and records. Specifically: the full purchase agreement for Partnership Blvd Properties LLC, any appraisal, and any conflict-of-interest certification signed by Payne in connection with that transaction. Sources: REC Board Minutes October 16, 2024 (myrec.coop); REC 2025 Audited Financial Statements (myrec.coop); SCC Order PUR-2025-00178; SCC Case PUR-2025-00048; Caroline County RZ-04-2025 application and BOS minutes; Virginia Code §56-37.

Caroline County, VA — 8 data center projects (4,200+ acres approved). CleanArc $8.8B grandfathered via TXT-05-2024 zoning manipulation — parcels NAMED in ordinance. Kevin Collins FOIA: 100 emails, 328 pages. NOW INCLUDES: CCPS Schools Case File (6 OCR investigations, safety failures, disability accommodation failures, water dispute, convicted child abuser at BGE) and Jeff Black CleanArc Lies (false statements about $8.8B project status). All findings sourced. Updated August 15, 2026.

Virginia State Corporation Commission Chair Kelsey Bagot is a former Senior Attorney at NextEra Energy, Inc. She was appointed to the SCC by the Virginia General Assembly in January 2024 (term: April 1, 2024 – January 31, 2030). She previously served as Legal Advisor to FERC Commissioner Mark Christie. CONFIRMED RECUSAL — MARL PROJECT: On April 9, 2026, Bagot issued a formal recusal notice in Case No. PUR-2026-00018 (NextEra Energy Transmission Virginia — Frederick County 500kV 'MidAtlantic Resiliency Link' line). Her notice stated she 'previously provided legal services to the MidAtlantic Resiliency Link Project in 2023.' Document confirmed: scc.virginia.gov/docketsearch/DOCS/8blf01!.PDF. She recused correctly from MARL. The question is: what else did she work on at NextEra before her appointment? NEXTERA-DOMINION MERGER (May 2026): NextEra Energy announced acquisition of Dominion Energy on May 18, 2026 — which would create the largest regulated utility in the world. The SCC must approve this merger. Virginia State Senator Russet Perry (D-31) publicly called for Bagot's recusal on May 28, 2026: 'Given the extraordinary scale and significance of this proposed acquisition, I trust that commitment will continue to guide any SCC proceedings related to this transaction.' SCC spokesman Greg Weatherford said it would be 'speculative' to comment since no application has been filed yet. NextEra is expected to file the SCC application in July 2026. Source: Utility Dive, May 28, 2026. CASES WHERE BAGOT MAY HAVE HAD AN UNDISCLOSED CONFLICT: 1. PUR-2025-00032 — Culpeper Technology Zone Transmission (Dominion): $253.7M upgrade for DataBank, Stack, and Copper Ridge data centers. SCC approved September 2025. Dominion is NextEra's merger target. Did Bagot vote? 2. PUR-2025-00058 — Dominion 2025 Biennial Rate Review: SCC began hearing September 2, 2025. Loudoun Now confirmed 'Judges Kelsey Baggot [sic]' presided. Bagot participated in a major Dominion rate case. Dominion is now NextEra's merger target. Were merger discussions privately underway before the May 18 public announcement? 3. PUR-2025-00076 — Dominion Transmission Rate Increase: SCC authorized increase in May 2025, directly funding the Culpeper Tech Zone transmission upgrade. Did Bagot vote? VALLEY LINK — TRIPLE-LAYER CONFLICT: When the Valley Link Transmission CPCN is filed at the SCC (expected September 2026), Bagot will be the presiding Chair. Valley Link is a Dominion joint venture. NextEra is acquiring Dominion. Bagot worked for NextEra and recused herself from MARL (a different NextEra project). She has expressly promised recusal from NextEra matters. Once NextEra acquires Dominion, Valley Link becomes a NextEra matter. The argument for mandatory recusal is: (a) prior NextEra employment, (b) prior MARL recusal setting precedent, (c) pending NextEra-Dominion merger announced before the Valley Link filing. LEGAL STANDARD: Virginia Code of Judicial Conduct Canon 3 requires recusal when a judge's impartiality might reasonably be questioned or when they previously represented a party in the same or related matter. ACTION ITEMS: 1. Virginia Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission complaint: jirc.virginia.gov | 100 N. 9th Street Suite 510, Richmond VA 23219 | (804) 786-6638 2. Formal SCC filing requesting a published list of all cases where Bagot participated vs. recused 3. FERC FOIA for any Dominion/NextEra pre-merger communications filed before May 18, 2026 — if merger talks were underway while Bagot voted on Dominion rate cases, the conflict was present and undisclosed 4. File formal recusal motion the moment Valley Link CPCN is docketed at SCC Sources: SCC official biography (scc.virginia.gov/about-the-commissioners); SCC docket PUR-2026-00018 recusal notice (scc.virginia.gov/docketsearch/DOCS/8blf01!.PDF); Utility Dive May 28, 2026; Loudoun Now 2025; Ballotpedia (Bagot profile); Loudoun Times-Mirror January 2024.

Caroline County's five-member Board of Supervisors voted unanimously or near-unanimously on every major data center measure from 2021 through 2026. The following documented conflicts of interest have never been publicly disclosed or investigated. FLOYD W. THOMAS JR. — Mattaponi District (in office since 1993) LinkedIn profile (public): 'Experienced Sales Professional with a demonstrated history of success working in the software industry.' Skills listed: Cloud Computing, Application Software, Enterprise Solutions. County official biography: 'Over 25 years of experience in the computer technology field.' Thomas works in software/cloud computing sales — the same industry sector as the data centers he votes on. His employer, clients, and business relationships have never been publicly disclosed on any SEI. Thomas MOVED the April 20, 2021 BOS vote to sign a Non-Disclosure Agreement with Rappahannock Electric Cooperative (REC) — the same NDA that preceded every major data center deal. He voted YES on PIRT zoning (October 2023), the CleanArc performance agreement (August 2025), the Amazon Mattameade agreement (November 2024), and all related measures. Source: co.caroline.va.us official supervisor directory; LinkedIn public profile; BOS minutes April 20, 2021. JEFFREY S. BLACK — Western Caroline District / Chairman Address: 208 Woodside Lane, Ruther Glen, VA 22546 (same zip code as CleanArc and Mattameade). Employed as a teacher at Spotsylvania High School (confirmed: Fredericksburg Free Press, June 2025). Spotsylvania County receives 42.5% of all Amazon Mattameade tax revenue under an agreement Black voted to approve in November 2024. His employer's jurisdiction is a direct financial beneficiary of his vote. He voted YES on Mattameade (November 2024), the CleanArc performance agreement (August 2025), and all data center measures. He voted NO on a new school MOU (June 2025) — the same meeting he supported data center expansion. Source: Fredericksburg Free Press June 2025; DHCD EGSA Report December 2, 2024. CLAYTON T. 'CLAY' FOREHAND — Madison District Address: 17202 Perinchief Street, Ruther Glen, VA 22546. Operates licensed construction business Speedy Fixx LC from his home address (confirmed in Caroline County official Construction Business directory). Publicly stated at BOS meeting: 'For the past 15 years, I worked for companies that did electrical work in data centers.' Said while voting yes on $3B+ in data center approvals. Personally MOVED the motion to resurrect the Luck Stone/CTEC rezoning (RZ-04-2025) after it was defeated three times — confirmed Fredericksburg Free Press and Kevin Collins public testimony. As BOS Chair: refused to release $1 million FY25 reversion funds for school trailers at Lewis & Clark Elementary; school board request 'went unacknowledged.' Source: Fredericksburg Free Press April 11, 2026 (Taft Coghill Jr.); BOS public meeting record; co.caroline.va.us Construction Business directory. NANCY L. LONG — Port Royal District / Chair Caroline County's representative on the Rappahannock River Basin Commission (RRBC) — confirmed in county directory and George Washington Regional Commission FY24 Annual Report ('The Honorable Nancy Long, Commissioner'). The RRBC is the regional oversight body for the same Rappahannock River from which Caroline County is seeking a 49.275 billion gallon annual withdrawal permit for data center support. Long voted YES on the November 14, 2024 closed-session decision to remove 'Industrial Cooling' from that same permit application — no public hearing was held. She was simultaneously in the BOS room approving data center water deals AND on the river basin commission overseeing the same river. The RRBC held a meeting on June 18, 2025 specifically addressing 'Data Center-Related Power and Water Demands.' Source: co.caroline.va.us supervisor directory; GWRC FY24 Annual Report; BOS minutes November 14, 2024; RRBC meeting records. REGINALD L. UNDERWOOD — Reedy Church District Address: P.O. Box 9, Ruther Glen, VA 22546. One of two supervisors who voted NO on entering closed session for CleanArc negotiations in May 2025 — he objected to the secrecy, not the deal, and voted YES on the final agreement. The Reedy Church District encompasses the eastern Route 1 corridor where multiple data center projects are under development. THE PIRT FLAW — MISSING PUBLIC RECORD: The PIRT (Planned Industrial/Research/Technology) zoning district was adopted October 10, 2023. PIRT is the legal mechanism enabling all by-right data center approvals in Caroline County. Written BOS meeting minutes for the entire September–December 2023 period are MISSING from the county's public AgendaCenter portal. Videos exist; written minutes do not appear. Virginia Code §2.2-3707(H) requires written minutes for all public meetings. If the PIRT adoption minutes cannot be produced, or show any procedural defect, the entire PIRT district adoption is challengeable — and every project approved under it flows from that foundation. Identical defects voided all rezonings in Prince William County (Virginia Court of Appeals, March 2026 — one missing newspaper notice voided the entire Digital Gateway rezoning). NOVEMBER 14, 2024 CLOSED SESSION — ILLEGAL SUBJECT MATTER: After a closed session, Chairman Black announced publicly: 'After discussion during Closed Meeting, the Board directed staff to remove Industrial Cooling from the County's Rappahannock Withdrawal Permit application.' Virginia Code §2.2-3711 enumerates the only lawful purposes for closed sessions. Removing a designation from an environmental permit application is a regulatory decision — not a contract negotiation (§2.2-3711 A.29). This action appears to violate Virginia's open meeting law. Source: Caroline County BOS minutes November 14, 2024 (co.caroline.va.us AgendaCenter, public record). FOIA STONEWALLING PATTERN: FOIA 26-51 (CleanArc building permits) — closed same day received, no documents produced. FOIA 26-62 (CleanArc Performance Agreement) — documents reportedly released but not named in public index. FOIA 26-64 (all data center NDAs) — closed without named documents. September–December 2023 BOS minutes — missing from AgendaCenter. Every FOIA on sensitive data center matters is handled exclusively by County Administrator Charles M. Culley Jr. — the same official who is the sole point of contact for Amazon. Sources: All BOS minutes publicly available at co.caroline.va.us/AgendaCenter; Fredericksburg Free Press reporting (Taft Coghill Jr., 2024–2026); DHCD EGSA Report December 2, 2024; GWRC FY24 Annual Report; Virginia Code §2.2-3707, §2.2-3711, §2.2-3712.

Rappahannock Electric Cooperative (REC), headquartered in Culpeper, VA, serves 183,000 residential and commercial members across 22 Virginia counties. Between 2023 and 2026, REC transformed from a rural electric cooperative into one of the primary power suppliers for the nation's largest data center corridor — without a member vote, without full public disclosure, and with its outside General Counsel simultaneously representing the data center developers whose projects are driving the load. THE NUMBERS: • REC's data center load forecast increased from 3.3 GW to 17 GW in a single year — a 415% increase. Source: SCC Case PUR-2025-00048. • Data center deposits held as cooperative liabilities: $105.6M (2024) → $351.9M (2025) — now representing 70% of total member equity ($496M). Source: REC 2025 Audited Financial Statements (myrec.coop/governance-document-center, audited April 16, 2026). • HES operating loss: $1.035 million (2025). HES revenue from energy services: $0. Source: same audited financials. • HES PJM collateral posted: $25.2 million as of December 31, 2025. HES owes REC $27.2 million in intercompany payables. HYPERSCALE ENERGY SERVICES LLC — THE UNAUTHORIZED SUBSIDIARY: On October 16, 2024, REC's Board of Directors passed Resolution #2024-10-01 authorizing a $1,500,000 loan from cooperative member funds to Hyperscale Energy Services LLC (HES) and its subsidiaries as seed capital. No member vote. No member notification. No public disclosure. Source: REC Board of Directors Meeting Minutes, October 16, 2024 (myrec.coop/governance-document-center). On November 20, 2025, the Virginia SCC issued an Order Denying Approval in Case PUR-2025-00178, rejecting the HES affiliate structure under the Virginia Affiliates Act (Title 56, Chapter 4). The SCC found the structure inconsistent with Virginia cooperative law. Despite this denial, REC's 2025 audited financials confirm HES was actively operating, had $25.2M in PJM market collateral, and owed $27.2M to REC as of December 31, 2025 — AFTER the SCC's denial. THE CONFLICT AT THE CENTER: Charles W. Payne Jr. (Hirschler Fleischer, 725 Jackson St Ste 200, Fredericksburg) is: 1. REC's outside General Counsel — confirmed in REC board minutes and Hirschler public biography 2. Registered Agent for HES, Hyperscale Energy 1 LLC, and Hyperscale Energy 2 LLC — confirmed Virginia SCC CIS entity records 3. Rezoning attorney for Amazon Data Services (approvals in 4+ localities for 20M+ sq ft of data centers) — confirmed Hirschler official biography 4. Rezoning attorney for Stack Infrastructure ($25B, 5.8M sq ft in Stafford County) — confirmed Hirschler biography 5. Appeared before Caroline County Planning Commission in 2025 simultaneously as developer attorney (Stack) + REC General Counsel + REC zoning attorney — confirmed Caroline County PC official minutes REC's members have never been told their General Counsel simultaneously represents the companies whose projects are causing REC's rate-driving load increases. This is not a footnote — the conflict sits at the financial center of every rate increase REC's 183,000 residential members will pay. THE LP-DF RATE TARIFF (PUR-2025-00048): REC petitioned the SCC in March 2025 for a new rate structure (LP-DF — Large Power Data Facility) specifically for data center customers. REC formally told the SCC in its petition that without a dedicated rate structure, data center infrastructure costs WILL shift to residential and commercial members. The SCC approved the LP-DF Tariff. The rate case remains active for ongoing monitoring. Source: SCC docket PUR-2025-00048 (scc.virginia.gov/docketsearch). VIRGINIA ATTORNEY GENERAL COMPLAINT (FILED): A formal complaint was prepared citing: (1) REC's deployment of $1.5M in member funds to HES without member authorization as a potential violation of the Virginia Consumer Protection Act (§59.1-200); (2) HES's continued operation after the November 2025 SCC denial; (3) Payne's undisclosed concurrent representation of both REC and its data center developer clients as deceptive conduct toward cooperative members; (4) the LP-DF rate structure's potential to shift infrastructure costs to residential members. HOW REC MEMBERS CAN ACT: Under Virginia Code §56-37, cooperative members may request access to the cooperative's books and records. Specific records worth requesting: the full purchase agreement and any appraisal for Partnership Blvd Properties LLC (the Ruther Glen campus parcel); any conflict-of-interest certification signed by Payne; and the full HES operating agreement post-SCC denial. Sources: REC Board Minutes October 16, 2024; REC 2025 Audited Financial Statements (both at myrec.coop); SCC Orders PUR-2025-00048 and PUR-2025-00178; Virginia SCC CIS entity records for HES, HE1, HE2; Hirschler Fleischer public attorney biography; Caroline County PC official minutes 2025.

In September 2022, Malik Yousif — a petroleum and energy businessman from Manassas with no prior Caroline County real estate history — purchased approximately 47 acres on Partnership Boulevard in Ruther Glen, Virginia. His LLC, Partnership Blvd Properties, was named directly after the street address of the parcel. More than a year later, in November 2023, Rappahannock Electric Cooperative (REC) filed its first public interconnection request with PJM for a new distribution point — the Ruther Glen DP — projecting 170 MW by 2027, 300 MW by 2028, and 548 MW at buildout in 2031. The location: the northeast quadrant of US Route 1 and Rogers Clark Blvd — Partnership Boulevard, Ruther Glen. In March 2025, REC purchased Yousif's 47-acre parcel (plus an adjacent 12.5 acres from Cary) for a combined 60.48-acre campus. The purchase price is undisclosed. Yousif held the land for approximately 30 months between REC's first internal planning and the public filing. Based on comparable Ruther Glen land sales in the data center corridor, his return is estimated at 3–7× his purchase price — potentially $5M–$15M on a rural parcel. In February 2026, REC filed rezoning application RZ-04-2025 for the 60.48-acre parcel to create a corporate data center campus. The BOS approved the rezoning in March 2026. Closings were scheduled for July/August 2026. THE UNNAMED 30-YEAR CUSTOMER: REC's SCC filings confirm a 30-year Energy Service Agreement (ESA) was signed in December 2025. HES (Hyperscale Energy Services LLC) issued its first bill to this customer in January 2026. The switching station is on 'property owned by the Customer.' The customer's identity has never been publicly disclosed. The December 2025 special BOS meeting that preceded the signing went into 45 minutes of executive session. Charlie Payne — REC's General Counsel — was replaced at that meeting by his Hirschler colleague Brittany Falabella, suggesting Payne may have recused himself from the signing due to a personal conflict with the unnamed customer. THE CORE QUESTION (documented, not yet answered): REC's internal planning for the Ruther Glen campus had to exist by mid-2022 for Yousif to purchase the exact parcel in September 2022. The person with access to REC's internal infrastructure planning at that time was Charles W. Payne Jr. — REC's General Counsel. Payne also serves as a land-use attorney for multiple data center developers in the same corridor. This does not prove Payne disclosed internal REC planning information to Yousif or any other party. But the sequence of events — land purchase before any public filing, by a buyer with no local history, of the exact parcel that becomes REC's campus — is a documented fact that warrants formal investigation. AVAIO DIGITAL — THE REC CARMEL CHURCH CUSTOMER: AVAIO Digital's Carmel Church Data Hub (24279 Rogers Clark Blvd, Ruther Glen) is confirmed as the REC Carmel Church distribution point customer. The Carmel Church DP was filed October 2023 projecting 18 MW by 2027, 80 MW by 2028, 125 MW by 2029, and 300 MW at buildout. AVAIO's initial phase is under construction targeting H1 2026. FOIA TO FILE: 1. Caroline County — RZ-04-2025 full application documents including any appraisals, price disclosures, or conflict certifications submitted with the Yousif and Cary purchase agreements 2. REC (under Va. Code §56-37 member rights) — full purchase agreement for Partnership Blvd Properties LLC; any appraisal; any conflict-of-interest certification signed by Payne in connection with this transaction 3. SCC — Any new or amended interconnection queue withdrawals by CleanArc or CADC VA-1 LLC since November 2025 Sources: SCC dockets PUR-2025-00048 and PUR-2024-00213; Caroline County BOS minutes March 2026; Caroline County rezoning file RZ-04-2025 (co.caroline.va.us); REC 2025 Audited Financial Statements (myrec.coop); Fredericksburg Free Press (Taft Coghill Jr.); Baxtel data center registry.

CleanArc Data Centers' VA-1 campus (18188 Bazaar Ave, Ruther Glen, VA — former Virginia Bazaar flea market) is under physical construction as of April 2026. Governor Glenn Youngkin attended the November 20, 2025 groundbreaking. The campus is 650 acres, 900 MW, projected $3B–$8.8B total investment, 50 jobs. Phase 1 target: 200 MW by Q3 2026. THE STRUCTURAL VULNERABILITY — NO NAMED TENANT: In every public record, press release, government filing, and announcement since the project began, CleanArc has never named a hyperscale anchor tenant. Not once. CEO Trout stated in October 2025 that two hyperscale clients were 'interested in doing deals.' That is not a signed lease. The $13M/year in projected annual tax revenue the county is counting on has no confirmed customer behind it as of June 2026. The DEQ air permit had not been issued as of June 1, 2026. CleanArc investors include Snowhawk (majority), Nuveen, and Townsend Group — equity investors, not tenants. THE PERFORMANCE AGREEMENT — STONEWALLED: FOIA 26-62 (filed May 2026, requesting the August 12, 2025 CleanArc Performance Agreement) was officially closed May 29, 2026 with the response 'All records have been released.' The document released is not named in the public FOIA index. The performance agreement has never been published by Caroline County, despite the Amazon Mattameade agreement being publicly released (FOIA 24-38). A county celebrating a $3B groundbreaking with the Governor has not produced the governing contract for public review. STALLED PROJECTS IN THE SAME CORRIDOR: • Amazon Mattameade (Caroline/Spotsylvania line, 1,143 acres, $6B): CONFIRMED STALLED. Amazon filed suit against Caroline County to renegotiate the performance agreement. Army Corps permit NAO-2024-01108 pending — would destroy 691 linear feet of perennial stream. Spotsylvania's recycled water system (which Mattameade depends on) is already at 100% capacity. • PowerHouse 95 (Spotsylvania, 800 MW, 145 acres): CONFIRMED STALLED. Baxtel — the industry's primary data center registry — officially lists it as 'stalled pending lawsuit over the county's attempt to renegotiate the performance agreement.' Ground was broken July 2024; construction halted. • Amazon Birchwood (King George, 869 acres, $6B): CONFIRMED STALLED. King George County voted to renegotiate; Amazon sued. Case pending as of March 2026. • KETTLER Crossroads (Spotsylvania, 600 acres, $100M+ invested): IN LIMBO. BOS changed rules the day after site plan was filed January 12, 2025. Developer represented by Hirschler Fleischer (Charlie Payne's firm). Planning Commission voted 5-2 to recommend eliminating by-right use. • Thornberry LLC (Caroline County, 1,001 acres): GHOST PROJECT. Corporate identity still not publicly disclosed as of June 2026. No approved rezoning, no site plan, no public hearing. • Amazon Cosner Tech Campus (Spotsylvania, 329 acres): PROCEEDING. Most advanced project in the corridor. Two buildings physically under construction. THE PATTERN: County approves deal → county tries to renegotiate or change rules after construction begins → developer sues → construction halts. This cycle has repeated in King George, Spotsylvania (PowerHouse 95), and Caroline (Mattameade). It is the dominant regulatory pattern in the I-95 data center corridor as of 2026. WHAT TO ASK AT EVERY PUBLIC MEETING (sourced, verbatim-ready): 'According to Baxtel, the industry's primary data center database, the PowerHouse 95 campus in Spotsylvania is officially listed as stalled due to a lawsuit over a renegotiated performance agreement. Amazon's campuses in King George and Caroline are similarly in court. CleanArc has never named a hyperscale tenant in any public document. The CEO said in October 2025 that two clients were interested in doing deals. The 200 MW deadline is [X] months away. Has CleanArc signed a tenant? If the answer is no, the $13 million per year in projected tax revenue has no confirmed customer behind it.' Sources: Baxtel data center registry; Governor Youngkin press release November 20, 2025; Fredericksburg Free Press (Taft Coghill Jr.); FOIA 26-62 public index (co.caroline.va.us); Army Corps permit NAO-2024-01108; Spotsylvania County planning portal (SUP26-0003); Data Center Dynamics.

Virginia SCC Commissioner (Chair) Kelsey Bagot is a former Senior Attorney at NextEra Energy, Inc., and a former Legal Advisor to FERC Commissioner Mark Christie. She was appointed to the SCC in January 2024 and serves through January 31, 2030. She is currently serving as SCC Chair (as of February 2026). Source: SCC official biography at scc.virginia.gov/about-the-commissioners. CONFIRMED RECUSAL — MARL PROJECT: On April 9, 2026, Bagot issued a formal recusal notice in Case No. PUR-2026-00018 (NextEra Energy Transmission Virginia — Frederick County 500kV line). Her notice stated she 'previously provided legal services to the MidAtlantic Resiliency Link Project in 2023.' Document: scc.virginia.gov/docketsearch/DOCS/8blf01!.PDF. This confirms she was actively working for NextEra on specific Virginia transmission projects before her SCC appointment. THE NEXTERRA-DOMINION MERGER (May 18, 2026): NextEra Energy announced acquisition of Dominion Energy on May 18, 2026 — which would create the largest regulated utility in the world (130 GW pipeline). The SCC must approve this merger. Virginia State Senator Russet Perry (D-31) publicly called for Bagot's recusal on May 28, 2026, stating: 'Given the extraordinary scale and significance of this proposed acquisition, I trust that commitment will continue to guide any SCC proceedings related to this transaction.' SCC spokesman Greg Weatherford said it would be 'speculative' to comment since 'no application has been filed' yet (NextEra expected to file in July 2026). Source: Utility Dive, May 28, 2026. CASES WHERE BAGOT PARTICIPATED WHILE DOMINION WAS NEXTERRA'S MERGER TARGET: • PUR-2025-00058 — Dominion 2025 Biennial Rate Review: Bagot was named as a presiding commissioner (confirmed Loudoun Now, 2025). The SCC approved a new rate class for large electricity users (data centers) and rejected Dominion's $822M base-rate increase. Dominion is now being acquired by NextEra. If merger discussions were privately underway before the May 18, 2026 public announcement — which is virtually certain given the scale of the deal — any Dominion vote Bagot cast during that period may reflect an undisclosed material conflict. • PUR-2025-00032 — Culpeper Technology Zone Transmission ($253.7M Dominion upgrade for DataBank, Stack, Copper Ridge): SCC approved September 2025. Bagot was SCC Chair. Her participation needs to be confirmed from the docket record. • PUR-2025-00076 — Dominion Transmission Rate Increase: SCC authorized increase May 2025. Funds the Culpeper Tech Zone infrastructure. VALLEY LINK — TRIPLE-LAYER CONFLICT: When Dominion files the Valley Link CPCN at the SCC (expected September 2026), Bagot will be the presiding Chair. Valley Link is a Dominion joint venture. NextEra is acquiring Dominion. Bagot worked for NextEra. She recused from the MARL case (a NextEra project). Valley Link, once the acquisition closes, becomes a NextEra asset. This is a documented, three-layer conflict that will need to be raised by formal motion the moment the Valley Link CPCN is filed. ACTIONABLE STEPS: 1. Virginia Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission complaint: 100 N. 9th St Suite 510, Richmond VA 23219 | (804) 786-6638 | jirc.virginia.gov — if Bagot voted on Dominion cases while merger discussions were underway 2. Write to SCC requesting a full published list of all cases where Bagot has participated vs. recused, with dates and stated reasons 3. Contact Senator Russet Perry's office (Virginia Senate District 31) — she has already called for recusal publicly 4. File a formal recusal motion the moment Valley Link CPCN is filed at SCC (expected September 2026) 5. FERC FOIA for any Dominion/NextEra pre-merger communications filed with FERC to establish when merger discussions began Sources: SCC official biography scc.virginia.gov/about-the-commissioners; Bagot recusal PUR-2026-00018 (scc.virginia.gov/docketsearch/DOCS/8blf01!.PDF); Utility Dive May 28, 2026; Loudoun Times-Mirror January 2024; Loudoun Now 2025 rate case coverage; Ballotpedia Bagot profile.

Caroline County is experiencing a documented water safety and supply crisis that is unfolding simultaneously with the largest industrial water demand in its history. RADIOACTIVE MUNICIPAL WELLS: In June 2023, a Bowling Green municipal well tested at 40 pCi/L gross alpha radioactivity. The federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) under the Safe Drinking Water Act is 15 pCi/L. The Bowling Green reading is 2.67 times the legal federal limit. A $6.2 million VDH emergency grant was issued in response, confirming the severity of the crisis. Source: Fredericksburg Free Press, November 11, 2024. LEVEL 3 DROUGHT RESTRICTIONS (June 2026): Caroline County is under active Level 3 drought restrictions as of June 2026: automatic irrigation systems prohibited, hand watering restricted to alternating days, no car washing, no pool filling. Source: Caroline County official press release, June 2026. 49 BILLION GALLON WITHDRAWAL PERMIT: Simultaneously, the county is applying to the DEQ for a permit to withdraw 49.275 BILLION gallons of water annually from the Rappahannock River for industrial use. DEQ public comment deadline: June 22, 2026. The Eastern Virginia Aquifer was already at 91% of permitted regional capacity before the current drought began. Source: Bay Journal/USGS regional aquifer data. THE SECRET INDUSTRIAL COOLING REMOVAL: On November 14, 2024, the Caroline County BOS held a closed session. Afterward, Chairman Black publicly announced: 'After discussion during Closed Meeting, the Board directed staff to remove Industrial Cooling from the County's Rappahannock Withdrawal Permit application.' No public hearing. No environmental review. A decision about the county's primary water supply permit — affecting every resident who drinks from the Rappahannock watershed — was made in secret and announced as a done deal. Source: BOS minutes November 14, 2024 (co.caroline.va.us AgendaCenter, public record). ARMY CORPS PERMIT — STREAM DESTRUCTION: Amazon's Mattameade data center project would destroy 691 linear feet of perennial stream under Army Corps of Engineers permit NAO-2024-01108 (filed February 2025). The impacted streams feed into the broader Rappahannock River watershed — the same watershed from which the county is seeking its 49-billion-gallon withdrawal. EMINENT DOMAIN — FARMER CORY GARRETT: Caroline County is actively condemning farmer Cory Garrett's 11-acre property via eminent domain to construct a water intake facility for data center support. Litigation is active as of June 2026. A county under Level 3 drought is simultaneously seizing private farmland to build industrial water infrastructure. RAPPAHANNOCK TRIBE FORMAL CHALLENGE: The Rappahannock Tribe filed a formal DEQ challenge on January 29, 2026 contesting the water withdrawal permit application. The tribe's ancestral territory includes the Rappahannock River basin. This creates a documented environmental justice and tribal consultation record that can be cited in public comments and legal filings. SPOTSYLVANIA WATER SYSTEM AT CAPACITY: Spotsylvania County's recycled water system — which is the designated water supply for the Amazon Mattameade data center campus — is already operating at 100% of its permitted capacity. Source: Spotsylvania County Water Authority / SUP26-0003 staff report. There is no additional water available from the system that was cited as Mattameade's supply source. ACTION ITEMS: • File public comment on DEQ Rappahannock withdrawal permit before June 22, 2026 • Request DEQ provide the full permit application including the version with 'Industrial Cooling' removed and the original version • File records request for all BOS closed session certifications from November 14, 2024 meeting under Virginia FOIA §2.2-3712(D) • Submit water test results to the CaseLock evidence portal for statewide pattern analysis Sources: Fredericksburg Free Press November 11, 2024 (radioactive wells); Caroline County press release June 2026 (drought); BOS minutes November 14, 2024; Army Corps NAO-2024-01108; Spotsylvania County Water Authority SUP26-0003 staff report; Bay Journal/USGS aquifer data; CBS 6/WTVR August 8, 2025 (Lake Land'Or water crisis).

Clayton Thomas 'Clay' Forehand serves as Chairman of the Caroline County Board of Supervisors (Madison District). He operates Speedy Fixx LC — a licensed construction business — from his home address at 17202 Perinchief Street, Ruther Glen, VA 22546 (same zip code as CleanArc and Amazon Mattameade). The business is listed in the Caroline County official Construction Business directory: 'Speedy Fixx LC — Clayton Forehand, 17202 Perinchief Street, Ruther Glen, VA 22546, 804.314.3214.' Virginia SCC Entity ID: 11047574. THE FOREHAND/ROSENDIN TIMELINE (CORRECTED — Aug 17, 2026): Clay Forehand was employed at Rosendin Electric from August 2014 to February 2020 (per his own LinkedIn), serving as Senior Safety Manager (Aug 2014–Jan 2019) and Corporate Director of Safety, Eastern US (Jan 2019–Feb 2020). He was elected to the Caroline County Board of Supervisors in November 2015 and took office January 2016, creating a 4-year overlap (Jan 2016–Feb 2020) where he was simultaneously a sitting Supervisor and employed at Rosendin Electric. DURING that overlap period, on August 13, 2019, Forehand chaired the public hearing and voted YES on a package of ordinances (TXT-01 through TXT-06) that explicitly added 'Data Center' as a defined use in the Caroline County zoning ordinance and made data centers a by-right use in M-1 Industrial and Planned Industrial Park zoning districts. The first reading was June 2019. This was not a generic industrial vote — the agenda and minutes literally say 'Data Center.' At the same August 13, 2019 meeting, Forehand voted YES on a consent agenda that included an underground CSX crossing to connect M.C. Dean to the county sewer system and an expedited public hearing for industrial/commercial prospects in the Carmel Church Business Center. M.C. Dean had publicly announced a $25.1M technology-related investment in Caroline County in March 2019. On September 10, 2019, Forehand voted YES on rezoning 58.3 acres at Enterprise Parkway and Rogers Clark Boulevard to M-1 Industrial. County staff explicitly stated the applicant wanted to take advantage of the August 2019 text amendment that the Board had just approved. In February 2018, while employed at Rosendin, Forehand participated in a 7x24 Exchange DC/Central Virginia event focused on mission-critical environments — a data center industry organization. The event roster identifies him as 'Clay Forehand, Rosendin Electric.' Rosendin publicly describes its Mid-Atlantic operations as serving Northern Virginia's 'Data Center Alley,' with $261 million in Mid-Atlantic business by 2017. Forehand has publicly claimed: 'I left Rosendin YEARS before I voted on anything related to data centers.' The primary record shows he voted to add 'Data Center' to the county zoning code on August 13, 2019, while still employed at Rosendin through February 2020 — approximately 6 months before his departure, not 'years.' The ONGOING conflict is also confirmed: Forehand currently works as Regional Safety Manager at Hourigan Construction (Dec 2024–present), a major Virginia data center builder, and Rosendin Electric is the confirmed electrical contractor on CleanArc's Caroline County campus — the same project Forehand voted to approve in August 2025. Forehand publicly stated at a BOS meeting: 'For the past 15 years, I worked for companies that did electrical work in data centers.' This statement was accurate as to his employment history (Rosendin 2014–2020, Hourigan 2024–present), but the timeline matters: his Rosendin employment did not overlap with any data-center-specific rezoning or project votes. The ongoing conflict is his current Hourigan employment (a data center builder) combined with Rosendin being the electrical contractor on CleanArc — the project he voted to approve. Data center construction — including electrical and cabling work — is the largest construction opportunity in Caroline County's history. If Speedy Fixx LC received any work connected to data center infrastructure, utility buildout, road improvements, or county government construction projects approved during Forehand's tenure, that is a direct personal financial interest in the transactions he voted on. As of June 2026, Speedy Fixx LC does not appear on the county's published standing vendor contract list. However, individual purchase orders and warrant payments are not reflected in that list — they require a FOIA request for payment registers (the same registers partially reviewed in FOIA 26-66). THE BELMONT NORTH PROFFER (CONFIRMED — Aug 17, 2026): The Belmont North proffer was originally set at $2,500,000 for a public safety building under rezoning RZ-11-2007 (2008). On September 11, 2023, attorney M. Ann Neil Cosby sent a formal memo to Supervisor Floyd Thomas showing the public safety cash proffer was reduced from $2,500,000 to $819,862, with $1,680,138 stripped and reallocated to a road extension. On August 25, 2023, a FOIA-released email shows Cosby scheduling a private meeting with Forehand, developer Jim Bonnell, and county staff for August 30 — two weeks before the BOS formally approved the amended proffer (RZ-01-2023) on September 12, 2023. Forehand has publicly claimed $819K was 'the original proffer when fire stations cost $800K' — primary documents show the original proffer was $2.5M and was reduced by $1.68M in 2023. THE CTEC REZONING MOTION: Forehand personally moved the motion to resurrect the Luck Stone/Carmel Technology and Enterprise Center (CTEC) rezoning (RZ-04-2025) after it was defeated THREE TIMES. According to Fredericksburg Free Press reporting and Kevin Collins's public testimony at a BOS meeting, Forehand broke the prior pattern of rejections by moving the reconsideration that ultimately led to approval. This is the same rezoning that converts former quarry land at Jericho Road to a data center campus — the largest land rezoning in Caroline County history. SCHOOL FUNDING DENIAL: As BOS Chair, Forehand refused to release $1 million in FY25 reversion funds for school trailers at Lewis & Clark Elementary. The school board's request 'went unacknowledged.' Source: Fredericksburg Free Press, April 11, 2026 (reporter Taft Coghill Jr.). 1054 HAMPTON LLC — FAMILY REAL ESTATE ENTITY: 1054 Hampton, LLC (Virginia SCC Entity 11533750) is a real estate LLC using Clarence E. Forehand III — a licensed Virginia real estate broker (DPOR 0225) based in Norfolk — as its registered agent. The registered office is a virtual office at 999 Waterside Drive, Suite 2525, Norfolk. Whether Clay Forehand holds any interest in this entity has not been confirmed from SCC records alone; the entity's membership/principal structure requires further investigation through the SCC 'Principals' tab or Circuit Court records. Katrina C. Goatley-Forehand is Clay Forehand's wife, a licensed Virginia Realtor, and an employee of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. FOIA TO FILE: 1. All county warrant payments and purchase orders to Speedy Fixx LC, 2020–2026 2. Forehand's Statement of Economic Interests for 2023, 2024, and 2025 (held at Caroline County Circuit Court Clerk, public record) 3. Any contracts between Speedy Fixx and any data center developer or their general contractors in Caroline County Sources: Caroline County official Construction Business directory (co.caroline.va.us); Virginia SCC CIS Entity 11047574; BOS public meeting records; Fredericksburg Free Press April 11, 2026; Kevin Collins public BOS testimony; Virginia SCC CIS Entity 11533750; DPOR public license lookup; Forehand LinkedIn (Rosendin Aug 2014–Feb 2020, Hourigan Dec 2024–present); BOS minutes August 13, 2019 (TXT-01 through TXT-06); BOS minutes September 10, 2019 (Enterprise Parkway rezoning); 7x24 Exchange DC/Central Virginia Feb 2018 event roster; M.C. Dean March 2019 investment announcement; FOIA-released Cosby email Aug 25, 2023; Cosby proffer reduction memo Sept 11, 2023; RZ-11-2007 (2008) and RZ-01-2023 (2023) county records.

Culpeper County VA — 13M+ sq ft data centers across ~1,000 acres. Erebus IT scandal: Delta Erebus LLC formed 35 days after 16K contract. BOS Chairman Underwood (COO Bonafide.AI) voted YES on Red Ace while wife Sally sold property on campus. 29yo clerk McCrum hired at 50K during freeze. Forensic audit awarded to CLA 50K. Valley Link 765kV opposed 7-0. 21 MapPins, Hub v5 (18 pages).

Amazon Data Services, Inc. (ADS) was fined $72,067.80 by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) for violating three conditions of its minor New Source Permit (mNSR) at the Cosner Tech Campus in Spotsylvania County. The permit, issued October 30, 2024, authorizes 186 non-emergency and 15 emergency diesel generators. VIOLATION 1 — NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS (May 31, 2025): During commissioning activities as part of the permitted Integration Operational Period (IOP), a power outage triggered the start of non-emergency diesel generators. Each generator reached 572°F but the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system malfunctioned. DEQ found that ADS exceeded the permitted hourly nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission limits. Amazon self-reported the violation to DEQ within the permit notification window. VIOLATION 2 — OPACITY EXCEEDANCE (December 2, 2025): Stack emissions testing showed six-minute average opacities during Visual Emission Evaluations exceeded the required 5% limit. One generator recorded 5.6% opacity; a second recorded 6.25% opacity on three separate test runs. ENFORCEMENT ACTION: Virginia DEQ Notice of Enforcement Action — proposed June 23, 2026. Source: deq.virginia.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/4902/132. AMAZON'S RESPONSE (verbatim, spokesperson): 'During commissioning activities at the Cosner Tech Campus in May 2025, emissions control equipment on three backup generator sets did not perform as expected. Upon identifying the issue, we notified the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality within the notification window established in our permit, investigated, and implemented corrective actions. We take environmental responsibility seriously and have worked transparently with VDEQ to resolve this matter.' THE FACILITY: Cosner Tech Campus, 3901 Massaponax Church Road, Spotsylvania County. 329 acres. 1.9 million square feet. Most advanced and active data center campus in the regional corridor as of June 2026. HEALTH CONTEXT (sourced, peer-reviewed): • Per a September 2025 study in ScienceDirect: nitrogen oxide and opacity pollutants increase rates of respiratory diseases and cardiovascular conditions, and elevate cancer risks among nearby communities. • Per a 2025 model from arxiv.com: U.S. data centers in 2030 could cause approximately 600,000 asthma symptom cases and 1,300 premature deaths annually. REGULATORY GAP: DEQ issues permits but relies primarily on self-reporting. This fine only occurred because Amazon self-reported the violation. The 186 non-emergency generators authorized at this single campus represent a significant diesel combustion source adjacent to residential areas. No independent air quality monitoring is required or in place. DEQ, the SCC, and local BOS each have partial jurisdiction — none has comprehensive oversight of cumulative regional air quality impacts from multiple data centers operating simultaneously. Source: Fredericksburg Free Press, June 4, 2026 (reporter Taft Coghill Jr.); DEQ enforcement notice deq.virginia.gov; ScienceDirect September 2025; arxiv.com 2025 model.

Virginia has no single regulatory body with complete oversight authority over data center siting, operations, or cumulative community impacts. The result is a documented gap where no agency can evaluate the full picture. THE REGULATORY MAP: • Virginia DEQ: Issues air permits (backup diesel generators, gas turbines), water withdrawal permits, and VPDES wastewater permits. Relies primarily on self-reporting by the permitted entity. The Amazon Cosner Tech Campus $72,067.80 fine (June 2026) only occurred because Amazon self-reported the violation. • Virginia SCC: Regulates utility rates, grid connection approvals, and electric cooperative governance. Does NOT regulate land use, emissions, or water use by data centers — only the utilities serving them. • Local BOS / Planning Commission: Controls zoning and land-use approvals. Cannot evaluate regional air quality, regional water supply depletion, or cumulative grid impacts — those exceed local jurisdiction. • EPA Region 3: Federal Clean Air Act enforcement backstop. PFAS CERCLA oversight. Only activates after state enforcement fails or for federally listed substances. • Virginia DHCD / JLARC: Legislative oversight and reporting. Zero enforcement authority. VIRGINIA CONSERVATION NETWORK (verbatim, August 2025): 'Localities often have the only say in approving or rejecting a data center proposal, yet they lack the purview to analyze key impacts to the grid, air quality, and regional water supply. Currently, data center site proposals are getting lower scrutiny from state agencies than many far smaller industrial facilities.' Source: vcnva.org, August 2025. THE MORATORIUM WAS KILLED: HB1515 — the Virginia data center moratorium bill — was killed by the Virginia General Assembly in 2026. Oversight bills HB155 and SB619 survived but were significantly weakened before passage. THE $1.6 BILLION TAX EXEMPTION: Virginia's sales tax exemption for data center equipment and software costs the state approximately $1.6 billion per year in foregone revenue. The exemption remains intact as of June 2026. Source: Virginia DHCD EGSA Report. THE DIGITAL GATEWAY PRECEDENT (CRITICAL FOR EVERY REZONING CHALLENGE): In March 2026, the Virginia Court of Appeals upheld the voiding of ALL data center rezonings in Prince William County's Digital Gateway project because ONE newspaper notice was missing in the required zoning text amendment publication process. Virginia Code §15.2-2204 requires specific newspaper notice at specific intervals before any zoning text amendment. One defective notice = entire rezoning = void. This is directly applicable to Caroline County's PIRT district adoption (October 2023), whose written BOS minutes are missing from the public portal for the entire September–December 2023 period. ACTION LEVERS (real, existing regulatory pressure points): 1. SCC Case PUR-2025-00048 — public comment still accepted: Rate impact on REC's 183,000 residential members. scc.virginia.gov/case-information/submit-public-comments/cases/pur-2025-00048 2. DEQ Rappahannock withdrawal permit comment (Caroline County) — deadline June 22, 2026 3. USDA Rural Utilities Service FOIA — REC federal financing records 2022–2026 (usda.gov/foia) 4. FERC FOIA — Valley Link dockets EL25-77 and ER25-1633 (ferc.gov/foia) 5. Army Corps of Engineers — comment on any Section 404 permit for stream/wetland impacts 6. Virginia State Bar complaint (Payne Rule 1.7): vsb.org — complaint@vsb.org — free 7. Virginia COEAC complaint (Childress): ethics.dls.virginia.gov 8. Virginia Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission (Bagot): jirc.virginia.gov — (804) 786-6638 Sources: vcnva.org August 2025; Virginia DHCD EGSA Report December 2, 2024; Virginia Court of Appeals March 2026 (Digital Gateway); SCC dockets; DEQ enforcement calendar; Virginia Code §15.2-2204.

FLUVANNA COUNTY INTELLIGENCE BRIEF — June 13, 2026 THREE CONVERGING CRISES: Fluvanna County is simultaneously facing (1) a $2 billion gas plant approved against unanimous Planning Commission opposition to power data centers, (2) a documented private water utility contaminating the county's primary water supply, and (3) a 115-mile transmission line that threatens the county's historic landscape. The same financial network connects all three. --- THE TENASKA VOTE --- On March 18–19, 2026, the Fluvanna Board of Supervisors voted 4–1 to approve Tenaska's 'Expedition Generating Station' — a 1,500 MW natural gas plant on Branch Road near Scottsville — overriding a UNANIMOUS 4-0 Planning Commission rejection. The plant, projected to cost $2 billion, will serve primarily as power supply for Northern Virginia data centers via the Valley Link transmission corridor. THE 4 YES VOTES: • Tony O'Brien (Rivanna, Chair): tobrien@fluvannacounty.org • Mike Sheridan (Columbia): jsheridan@fluvannacounty.org • Mike Goad (Fork Union): mgoad@fluvannacounty.org • Timothy Hodge (Palmyra, Vice Chair): thodge@fluvannacounty.org THE NO VOTE: Chris Fairchild (Cunningham): cfairchild@fluvannacounty.org --- FOLLOW THE MONEY --- According to VPAP public campaign finance records: • Tony O'Brien: #1 donor Virginia Realtors $6,000 • Mike Goad: #1 donor Virginia Realtors $5,000 • Timothy Hodge: #1 donor Virginia Realtors $5,000 Same PAC, three YES-vote supervisors. The Virginia Realtors PAC appears as the #1 donor in every county in this investigation (Caroline, Culpeper, Spotsylvania, Fluvanna). ALLEN POWELL — LOCAL INSIDER: Allen Powell, Troy VA, President/CEO of S&N Infrastructure (3723 Three Notch Rd, Louisa VA) — a private-equity-backed company (Tower Arch Capital, 2023) that builds fiber, power distribution, and gas utility infrastructure. He owns KFP1 LLC (land in Fluvanna, appeared before PC Oct 2024) and land near Lake Anna in Louisa County. VPAP shows he donated $2,452 to Goad AND $2,452 to Hodge — exact same amount, same cycle. He also donated $5,000 to a Louisa County supervisor. His company builds exactly what Tenaska and Valley Link would hire. --- WATER: THE DROUGHT PROBLEM --- Fluvanna County is under SEVERE DROUGHT as of June 12, 2026. Mandatory water restrictions are in effect across Virginia. Tenaska's existing plant already withdraws 3–4 million gallons/day from the James River. The new Expedition plant will require 6–7 million MORE gallons/day. Combined: up to 11 million gallons/day from a drought-stressed river system. Tenaska claims this is 'less than 1% of average James River flow.' During drought, there is no average flow. DEQ must issue a Virginia Water Protection Permit. Public comment will open. The drought classification is directly relevant. --- AQUA VIRGINIA / LAKE MONTICELLO CONTAMINATION --- Aqua Virginia serves approximately 60–65% of Fluvanna County's population through the Lake Monticello system. DOCUMENTED VIOLATIONS: • 2007–2011: 76 water quality violations + 39 wastewater violations in 4 years • July 2023: E. coli 4x higher than safe swimming levels in Jackson Cove; storm sewer overflow; LMOA President called it 'Negligence' and 'risk to public health'; at least 2nd incident in 12 months • May 2025: Elevated E. coli detected again after heavy rain • October 2024: Virginia DEQ proposed FORMAL ENFORCEMENT ACTION against Aqua for violations of State Water Control Law at the Lake Monticello Wastewater Treatment Plant • CURRENT: EWG Tap Water Database shows 8 contaminants above health guidelines including ARSENIC and CHROMIUM-6 (a carcinogen) RATE ABUSE: • Aqua filed for 29.49% rate increase while violations ongoing • Additional rate increase application filed July 30, 2025 • Fluvanna County government filed suit against Aqua over rates • Parent company: Essential Utilities (formerly Aqua America), Pennsylvania HQ, publicly traded SCC DOCKET: PUR-2025-00071 (Aqua Virginia rate case — active) --- HISTORIC SITES: VALLEY LINK THREAT --- Preservation Virginia named the Valley Link corridor to its 2026 Most Endangered Historic Places list. Fluvanna bears approximately 31 miles of the proposed 115-mile, 765-kV line requiring a 200-foot cleared right-of-way. THREATENED SITES: • Bremo Historic District (National Register, 18th century, James River) • Fluvanna County Courthouse Historic District • Green Springs Rural Historic District • Trevilian Station Battlefield • Rivanna Canal Navigation Historic District • Journey Through Hallowed Ground National Heritage Area • Dozens of unregistered family cemeteries, farm sites, mill sites FCHS President Kathleen Kilpatrick: 'Never before has the work and vision of generations of Fluvannians been threatened as today.' FCHS archival session: June 17, 6–8pm, Fluvanna County Public Library, 214 Commons Blvd, Palmyra VA 22963. --- COUNTY LEADERSHIP --- • County Administrator: Eric Dahl (edahl@fluvannacounty.org) — in role since July 2019, with county since 2011 • County Attorney: Dan Whitten (dwhitten@fluvannacounty.org) — recently appointed • Clerk to Board: Caitlin Solis (csolis@fluvannacounty.org) — signs official documents • FOIA: clerk@fluvannacounty.org --- FIGHT ISN'T OVER --- The SCC must still approve an electricity generation certificate. DEQ must still issue an air permit AND a Virginia Water Protection Permit. Both have public comment periods. The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health study (commissioned by Southern Environmental Law Center) projects 4+ million people will experience increased air pollution; increased heart attacks, strokes, asthma, premature deaths.

DC Blox proposed a $700M+ AI data center at 648 Grassmere Park directly adjacent to the Nashville Zoo. 540,000+ petition signatures. Three legislative bills (BL2026-1391, 1392, 1448) passed second reading July 7, 2026 — final vote July 21. Mayor filed eminent domain legislation. No building permit issued as of July 10, 2026.

PROJECT FLASH: Franklin County BOS secretly negotiated a 100MW Crusoe Energy Systems AI data center at publicly-owned Summit View Business Park (550-acre total park, ~150 acres for data center) behind two NDAs. Chair Lorie Smith told citizens no data center discussions were happening — FOIA proved that was false. 71-page criminal complaint filed naming Smith, Vice-Chair Mitchell, and County Administrator Sandy. Special Prosecutor Bethany Harrison (Lynchburg CA) appointed July 8, 2026. Crusoe funded by Peter Thiel Founders Fund ($500M, $10B valuation). Natural gas combustion turbine proposed on-site, 1.4 miles from Boones Mill Elementary. Supervisor Dan Quinn posted full meeting recap. 43 citizens spoke at July 21 BOS meeting (~150 attended).

Franklin County VA — Crusoe AI "Project Flash" 100MW data center. 71-page legal complaint filed. Special prosecutor appointed.

Ground zero for the first successful U.S. class action against a hyperscale data center for groundwater contamination. Amazon 7 AWS data centers in Boardman OR contributed to nitrate contamination of the Lower Umatilla Basin — sole water source for ~45,000 residents. 68 of 70 wells tested exceeded the federal nitrate limit (10 ppm), averaging 4x the threshold. Documented health impacts: 25 miscarriages in first 30 homes surveyed, cancers, organ failure. March 31, 2026: Amazon settled for $20.5 million — the first major data center water pollution settlement in U.S. history. Amazon admitted no guilt. Compared to Flint, Michigan by Oregon Rural Action. PRIMARY NATIONAL LEGAL PRECEDENT for communities fighting data center water impacts.

Loudoun County is the most data-center-dense jurisdiction on Earth -- 300+ facilities, 13% of global capacity, 44.8% of the county tax base (FY2027). Data center water use grew 86% between 2019-2023. The Potomac River -- sole drinking water source for 5 million people -- has 9% annual and 12% summer consumptive use attributable to data centers. Named Americas Most Endangered River 2026. Loudoun BOS ended by-right data center zoning 7-2 on March 18, 2025. The $1.63B MARL transmission line (NextEra) is being built specifically for the Loudoun data center corridor -- ratepayers in 4 states pay. SCC Commissioner Kelsey Bagot was formerly employed by NextEra and promised recusal. Loudoun has never commissioned a county-wide groundwater study despite 200+ unreviewed developer submissions.

Community members in San Bernardino, California have flagged Data Center, Water, Energy concerns. 1 submission received. Identified responsible party: Meta, Google, Amazon AWS.

Project Tallmadge / Takanock: Strasburg's Director of Planning issued a void zoning determination on May 1, 2025 — two months before the ordinance creating the 'by-right' data center category (July 1, 2025). Takanock claimed 90 MW publicly; FOIA site plan shows 320 MW. EDA sold public land $205K below appraisal under NDA. July 14, 2026 Town Council = immediate action window.

PROJECT FLASH: Franklin County BOS secretly negotiated a 100MW Crusoe Energy Systems AI data center at publicly-owned Summit View Business Park behind two NDAs. Chair Lorie Smith told citizens no data center discussions were happening — FOIA proved that was false. 71-page criminal complaint filed naming Smith, Vice-Chair Mitchell, and County Administrator Sandy. Special Prosecutor Bethany Harrison (Lynchburg CA) appointed July 8, 2026. Crusoe funded by Peter Thiel Founders Fund ($500M, $10B valuation). Natural gas combustion turbine proposed on-site, 1.4 miles from Boones Mill Elementary. Supervisor Dan Quinn posted full meeting recap. 43 citizens spoke at July 21 BOS meeting (~150 attended).

DC BLOX filed grading permit before property sale closed — confirmed bad faith. 3 stormwater outfalls drain onto Nashville Zoo property. Federally endangered Nashville Crayfish only habitat threatened. Nashville has zero data center zoning rules.

Google concealed identity using Woodland Caribou LLC shell managed by Wilson Sonsini attorney Michael Montfort. All 3 commissioners signed NDAs — likely illegal under Indiana Open Door Law. IDEM air permit for diesel generators filed under shell company name.

TeraWulf proposing 400MW data center on Cayuga Lake shore. Google holds 14% stake. Legislature voted 12-1 to reject water permit. Active lawsuit can proceed per NY Supreme Court. 200,000 residents' drinking water at stake.

Charlie Payne emailed CBRE brokers and county staff 3 days before BOS approved floating tech zoning. Kirk's Road threatens unmarked slave cemetery (41 graves). Valley Link 765kV line runs through county.

Culpeper County VA — 13M+ sq ft data centers across ~1,000 acres. Erebus IT scandal: Delta Erebus LLC formed 35 days after 16K contract. BOS Chairman Underwood (COO Bonafide.AI) voted YES on Red Ace while wife Sally sold property on campus. 29yo clerk McCrum hired at 50K during freeze. Forensic audit awarded to CLA 50K. Valley Link 765kV opposed 7-0. 21 MapPins, Hub v5 (18 pages).

Louisa sits on critical Piedmont crystalline aquifer. Data center corridor extending from Orange through Louisa. South Anna River and Lake Anna watershed under pressure. Allen Powell (S&N Infrastructure) owns parcels near Lake Anna.

4,400-acre Technology Overlay District approved Nov 2025. VALCO2 LLC incorporated one month before vote. Supervisor Vaughters moved TOD while advocating for $87M Dominion substation. Cynthia Haas leads 4-resident disclosure lawsuit.

Charlie Payne appeared twice in one BOS meeting for two separate developer clients including Amazon. Eminent domain authorized for data center water main. 500+ acre M2 rezoning passed 5-2. Amazon has 60% property tax discount to 2051.

Crossroads Technology Campus: 633 acres, 8 buildings, 2.3M sq ft. Recycled water at 100% capacity. Charlie Payne attorney of record. BOS members received developer campaign contributions before votes.

Tenaska Gateway approved at midnight over unanimous 4-0 Planning Commission rejection. Allen Powell (S&N Infrastructure) donated identical amounts to both yes-voting supervisors. 60-65% of county on Aqua Virginia — 76 violations 2007-2011. E. coli emergency July 2023.

Microsoft confirmed plans for a 356-acre data center in Lowell Township, Kent County. Ludington's wastewater treatment plant has an active PFAS investigation — 180 ppt detected, traced to Dow Chemical's former industrial land.

Amazon's $11 billion Project Rainier and Google's Project Maize are reshaping the NW Indiana shoreline. A confirmed TCE contamination violation was issued by IDEM at the Google Michigan City facility in October 2025.

Hayes Township passed a 12-month moratorium on data centers in early 2026. Michigan passed a data center tax exemption law (PA 28 of 2025) with no corresponding water disclosure requirements.

The Gelman 1,4-dioxane plume was designated a federal Superfund site in March 2026. Data center developer Related Digital sued Saline Township after residents voted it down.